Thermal noise, also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise or white noise, is a type of electronic noise that arises from random thermal fluctuations of electrons in conductors. This noise is present in all electronic components and circuits, and it manifests as a random fluctuation in voltage or current that is proportional to the temperature of the system. Thermal noise is a fundamental limitation in electronic systems and can have a significant impact on signal quality, especially in low-power and high-frequency applications. Researchers in this area study the properties of thermal noise, its effects on electronic devices, and methods to mitigate or minimize its impact on system performance.